S.L. 545.43 Art. 48Administrative penalties. The following rule from hydropower: where: N = Q = N(norm) Q = the i that C = the i the The following rule from onshore wind where: N = Q = N(norm) Q = i C = j n = plants in year N, for wind power at the end of year and production data PART A: FOR HEATING The amount of cons

(1) The Regulator may impose an administrative penalty upon any person who infringes any provision of these regulations or who fails to comply with any directive or decision given by the Regulator in ensuring compliance with these regulations.

(2) An administrative penalty imposed under sub-regulation

(1) shall not exceed one hundred thousand euro (€100,000) for each breach.

(3) An administrative penalty imposed under sub-regulation

(1) shall follow the procedure applicable thereto in accordance with article 13 of the Act and any appeal therefrom shall be made in accordance with Part VI of the Act. NORMALISATION RULE FOR ACCOUNTING FOR ELECTRICITY GENERATED FROM HYDROPOWER AND WIND POWER

shall be applied for the purposes of accounting for electricity generated

𝑁 𝑄 𝑖 𝑄 = 𝐶 × [ ∑ ] /15 𝑁(𝑛𝑜𝑟𝑚) 𝑁 𝐶 𝑖 𝑖=𝑁−14

reference year;

normalised electricity generated by all hydropower plants in year N, for accounting purposes;

quantity of electricity actually generated in year i by all hydropower plants measured in GWh, excluding production from pumped storage units using water has previously been pumped uphill;

total installed capacity, net of pumped storage, of all hydropower plants at end of year i, measured in MW.

shall be applied for the purposes of accounting for electricity generated power:

𝐶 + 𝐶 ∑𝑁 𝑄 𝑁 𝑁−1 𝑖 𝑖=𝑁−𝑛 𝑄 = × 𝑁(𝑛𝑜𝑟𝑚) 2 𝐶 + 𝐶 𝑁 𝑗 𝑗−1 ∑ 𝑗=𝑁−𝑛 2

reference year;

normalised electricity generated by all onshore wind power plants in year

N, for accounting purposes;

the quantity of electricity actually generated in year i by all onshore wind power plants measured in GWh;

the total installed capacity of all the onshore wind power plants at the end of year j, measured in MW;

4 or the number of years preceding year N for which capacity and production data are available, whichever is lower. 𝑁 𝐶 + 𝐶 ∑ 𝑄 𝑁 𝑁−1 𝑖=𝑁−𝑛 𝑖 𝑄 = × 𝑁(𝑛𝑜𝑟𝑚) 2 𝐶 + 𝐶 𝑗 𝑗−1 ∑𝑁 𝑗=𝑁−𝑛 2 where:

N = reference year;

Q = normalised electricity generated by all offshore wind power N(norm) accounting purposes;

Q = the quantity of electricity actually generated in year i by all offshore i plants measured in GWh;

C = the total installed capacity of all the offshore wind power plants j j, measured in MW;

n = 4 or the number of years preceding year N for which capacity are available for, whichever is lower. ACCOUNTING OF RENEWABLE ENERGY USED FOR HEATING AND COOLING

ACCOUNTING OF RENEWABLE ENERGY FROM HEAT PUMPS USED

aerothermal, geothermal or hydrothermal energy captured by heat pumps to be E energy from renewable sources for the purposes of this Directive, , shall RES accordance with the following formula:

(1 – 1/SPF)

= the estimated total usable heat delivered by heat pumps fulfilling the criteria referred to in regulation 7, implemented as follows: Only heat pumps for which SPF > 1.15 * 1/η shall be taken into account,

= the estimated average seasonal performance factor for those heat pumps,

= the ratio between total gross production of electricity and the primary energy consumption for the production of electricity and shall be calculated as an EU average based on Eurostat data.

ACCOUNTING OF RENEWABLE ENERGY USED FOR COOLING

Section 1 DEFINITIONS

renewable energy used for cooling the following definitions shall apply: means the extraction of heat from an enclosed or indoor space (comfort from a process in order to reduce the space or process temperature to, or specified temperature (set point); for cooling systems, the extracted heat is absorbed by the ambient air, ambient water or the ground, where the ground, and water) provides a sink for the heat extracted and thus functions means an assembly of components consisting of a heat extraction system, cooling devices and a heat rejection system, complemented in the case of active cooling medium in the form of fluid that work together to generate a specified thus, ensures a required temperature; cooling, the cooling system can be either a free cooling system or a cooling system generator, and for which cooling is one of the primary functions; cooling, the cooling system is embedding a cooling generator, and for which primary functions;

(4) “cooling generator” means the part of a cooling system that generates difference allowing heat extraction from the space or process to be cooled, compression cycle, a sorption cycle or driven by another thermodynamic cold source is unavailable or insufficient;

(5) “active cooling” means the removal of heat from a space or process, input is needed to meet the cooling demand, used when the natural flow of energy or insufficient and can occur with or without a cooling generator;

(6) “passive cooling” means the removal of heat by the natural flow conduction, convection, radiation or mass transfer without the need for moving to extract and reject heat or to generate a lower temperature with a cooling decreasing the need for cooling by building design features such as building roof, vegetal wall, shading or increased building mass, by ventilation or by

(7) “ventilation” means the natural or forced movement of air to introduce space with the aim to ensure appropriate indoor air quality, including temperature;

(8) “comfort fan” means a product that includes a fan and electric motor assembly and provide summer comfort by increasing the air speed around human body feeling of coolness;

(9) “renewable energy quantity for cooling” means the cooling supply that with a specified energy efficiency expressed as a Seasonal Performance primary energy;

(10) “heat sink” or “cold source” means an external natural sink into which from the space or process is transferred; it can be ambient air, ambient natural or artificial water bodies and geothermal formations beneath the surface

(11) “heat extraction system” means a device that removes heat from the be cooled, such as an evaporator in a vapour compression cycle;

(12) “cooling device” means a device designed to perform active cooling;

(13) “heat rejection system” means the device where the final heat transfer medium to the heat sink occurs, such as the air-to-refrigerant condenser in compression cycle;

(14) “energy input” means the energy needed to transport the fluid (free cooling), needed to transport the fluid and to drive the cooling generator (active cooling generator);

(15) “district cooling” means the distribution of thermal energy in the form from central or decentralised sources of production through a network to multiple sites, for the use of space or process cooling;

(16) “primary seasonal performance factor” means a metric of the primary efficiency of the cooling system;

(17) “equivalent full load hours” means the number of hours a cooling system load to produce the amount of cooling that it actually produces during a loads;

(18) “Cooling Degree Days” means the climate values computed with degrees Celsius (18 °C) used as input to determine equivalent full load hours. regardless of whether it is free cooling or a cooling generator is used shall be shall not be counted: although where ventilation air is used as a heat transport medium for corresponding cooling supply, which can be supplied either by a cooling generator part of renewable cooling calculation. technologies or processes of cooling: of transportation (Note 1); whose primary function is to produce or store perishable materials at temperatures (refrigeration and freezing); systems with space or process cooling temperature set points lower than two °C); with space or process cooling temperature set points above thirty degrees heat resulting from energy generation, industrial processes and the tertiary (Note 2). cooling in power generation plants; cement, iron and steel manufacturing; treatment plants; information technology facilities (such as data centres); power distribution facilities; and transportation infrastructures.

cooling systems may be excluded from the calculation of the renewable cooling in order to preserve natural cold sources in specific geographic areas protection reasons. Examples are the protection of rivers or lakes from the

Section 3 METHODOLOGY FOR ACCOUNTING OF RENEWABLE ENERGY FOR INDIVIDUAL AND DISTRICT COOLING

systems operating above the minimum efficiency requirement expressed as Performance Factor (SPF ) in Section 3.2, second paragraph shall be p produce renewable energy.

energy quantity for cooling

E energy quantity for cooling ( ) shall be calculated with the following RES-C

amount of heat released to the ambient air, ambient water or to the ground by (Note 3);

consumption of the cooling system, including energy consumption of the measured systems, such as district cooling; considered as renewable according to the SPF requirements, expressed as SPF is established without accounting for distribution losses. For district that the SPF is established per cooling generator, or at free cooling system systems where standard SPF can apply, the F(1) and F(2) coefficients according Regulation (EU) 2016/2281 (Note 5) and the linked Commission Communication not used as correction factors.

For 100 % renewable heat driven cooling (absorption and adsorption) the should be considered fully renewable.

The calculation steps needed for and are explained in Sections

3.2. Calculation of the share of Seasonal Performance Factor that qualifies renewable energy –

S is the share of cooling supply that can be counted as renewable. The SPF increasing SPF values. The SPF (Note 7) is defined as described in Commission p p

(EU) 2016/2281 and Commission Regulation (EU) No 206/2012 (Note default primary energy factor for electricity has been updated to 2.1 in Directive (as amended by Directive (EU) 2018/2002 (Note 9)) of the European Parliament Council. Boundary conditions from the EN14511 standard shall be used.

The minimum efficiency requirement of the cooling system expressed performance factor shall be at least 1.4 (SPFp ). For to be 100 LOW efficiency requirement of the cooling system shall be at least 6 (SPFp HIGH cooling systems the following calculation shall be applied:

SPFp is the efficiency of the cooling system expressed as primary seasonal is the minimum seasonal performance factor expressed in based upon the efficiency of standard cooling systems (minimum eco-design is the upper threshold for seasonal performance factor expressed energy and based on best practices for free cooling used in district cooling

3.3. Calculation of renewable energy quantity for cooling using standard measured SPF p Standard and measured SPF

Standardised SPF values are available for electric vapour compression cooling combustion engine vapour compression cooling generator due to the Ecodesign in Regulation (EU) No 206/2012 and (EU) No 2016/2281. Values are cooling generators up to 2 MW for comfort cooling and up to 1.5 MW for other technologies and capacity scales standard values are not available. standard values are not available or measurement is standard practice, values shall be used, separated by cooling capacity thresholds. For cooling cooling capacity below 1.5 MW, standard SPF can be used, while measured for district cooling, for cooling generators with cooling capacities higher MW and cooling generators for which standard values are not available.

cooling systems without standard SPF, which includes all free cooling activated cooling generators, a measured SPF shall be established in order the calculation methodology for renewable cooling.

standard SPF values expressed in terms of primary energy efficiency calculated using primary following Regulation (EU) 2016/2281 to determine the space cooling efficiency types of cooling generators (Note 11). The primary energy factor in Regulation shall be calculated as 1/η, where η is the average ratio of total gross production primary energy consumption for electricity production in the whole EU. amendment of the default primary energy factor for electricity, called coefficient in Annex to Directive (EU) 2018/2002 amending footnote (3) in Annex IV of 2012/27/EU, the primary energy factor of 2.5 in Regulation (EU) 2016/2281 shall be when calculating the SPF values.

energy carriers, such as heat or gas are used as energy input to drive the cooling default primary energy factor (1/η) is 1, reflecting the lack of energy 1.

operating conditions and the other parameters necessary for the determination of defined in Regulation (EU) 2016/2281 and Regulation (EU) No 206/2012, cooling generator category. Boundary conditions are the ones defined in the cooling generators (reversible heat pumps), which are excluded from the scope 2016/2281 because their heating function is covered by Commission No 813/2013 (Note 12) with regard to Ecodesign requirements for space combination heaters, the same SPF calculation that is defined for similar non generators in Regulation (EU) 2016/2281 shall be used.

electric vapour compression cooling generators, the SPF shall be defined as p p is used to clarify that the SPF is defined in terms of primary energy):

Where:

- SEER and SEPR are seasonal performance factors (Note 13) ‘Seasonal Energy Efficiency Ratio’, SEPR stands for ‘Seasonal Ratio’) in final energy defined according to Regulation (EU) 2016/2281

(EU) No 206/2012;

- η is the average ratio of total gross production of electricity to consumption for electricity production in the EU (η = 0.475 and 1/η

- F(1) and F(2) are correction factors according to Regulation (EU) linked Commission Communication. These coefficients do not apply in Regulation (EU) 2016/2281 as the SEPR final energy metrics absence of adapted values, the same values used for SEER conversion the SEPR conversion.

SPF boundary conditions

For defining the SPF of the cooling generator, the SPF boundary conditions Regulation (EU) No 2281/2016 and in Regulation (EU) No 206/2012 shall of water-to-air and water-to-water cooling generators, the energy input required cold source available is included via the F(2) correction factor. The SPF are shown in Figure 1. These boundary conditions shall apply for all cooling free cooling systems or systems containing cooling generators.

These boundary conditions are similar to the ones for heat pumps (used Commission Decision 2013/114/EU (Note 14). The difference is that electricity consumption corresponding to auxiliary power consumption (thermostat-off standby mode, off mode, crankcase heater) is not taken into account to However, as in the case of cooling both standard SPF values and measured and given the fact that in the measured SPF auxiliary consumption is taken necessary to include auxiliary power consumption in both situations.

For district cooling, distribution cold losses and distribution pump electric between the cooling plant and the customer substation shall not be included of the SPF.

In the case of air based cooling systems ensuring also the ventilation function, supply due to ventilation air flow shall not be accounted. The fan power ventilation shall also be discounted in proportion of the ratio of the ventilation cooling air flow. Illustration of SPF boundary conditions for cooling generator using standard SPF cooling (and other large cooling systems using measured SPF), where the energy input to fan and/or pump and EINPUT_CG the energy input to generator based cooling systems with internal cold recovery, the cooling supply due to shall not be accounted. The fan power needed for the cold recovery performed exchanger shall be discounted in proportion of the ratio of the pressure losses due heat exchanger to the total pressure losses of the air based cooling system.

using standard values may be used for individual cooling systems of less than 1.5 MW capacity, SPF value is available, to estimate the total cooling energy supplied.

Q simplified method, the cooling energy supplied by the cooling system ( ) is Csupply cooling capacity (Pc) multiplied by the number of equivalent full load single Cooling Degree Days (CDD) value may be used for a whole country, for different climate zones provided that nominal capacities and SPFs are climate zones.

default methods may be used to compute EFLH:

cooling in the residential sector: EFLH = 96 + 0.85 * CDD cooling in the tertiary sector: EFLH = 475 + 0.49 * CDD τ cooling: EFLH = * (7300 + 0.32 * CDD) s long = 1, not on weekends = 5/7). There is no default value. s s

3.4.1. Calculation using measured values

Systems for which no standard values exist, as well as cooling systems capacity and district cooling systems, shall calculate their renewable cooling following measurements:

Measured energy input: The measured energy input includes all energy sources system, including any cooling generator, i.e. electricity, gas, heat etc. It includes pumps and fans used in the cooling system but not for the distribution of or a process. In case of air-based cooling with ventilation function, only the input due to cooling shall be included in the energy input of the cooling system.

Measured cooling energy supply: The cooling energy supply shall be measured from the cooling system and subtracted any cold losses in order to estimate energy supply to the building or process that is the end-user of the cooling. include losses in a district cooling system and in the cooling distribution or an industrial site. In case of air-based cooling with ventilation function, supply shall be net of the effect of fresh air introduction for ventilation purposes.

The measurements need to be carried out for the specific year to be reported input and all cooling energy supply for the whole year.

3.4.2. District cooling: additional requirements

For district cooling systems the net cooling supply at customer level shall defining the net cooling supply, denoted as Q Thermal losses C_Supply_net Q distribution network ( ) shall be deducted from the gross cooling supply c_LOSS follows:

Q = Q - Q C_Supply_net c_Supply_gross- c_LOSS

3.4.2.1. D i v i s i o n i n s u b s y s t e m s

District cooling systems can be divided in subsystems, which comprise generator or free cooling system. This requires the measurement of the cooling and of the energy input for each sub-system as well as the allocation of system as follows: Auxiliary energy corresponding to cooling distribution inside the building, e.g. and terminal units (e.g. fan coils, fans of air handling units) are not accounted which cannot be allocated to a specific subsystem, for instance district cooling which deliver the cooling energy supplied by all cooling generators, their consumption shall be allocated to each cooling subsystem in the proportion of supplied by the cooling generators and/or the free cooling systems of each same way as with cold losses in the network, as follows auxiliary energy consumption of subsystem ‘I’;

auxiliary energy consumption of the entire cooling system, which cannot be specific cooling subsystem.

of renewable energy quantity for cooling for the overall renewable heating and cooling renewable energy shares of the overall renewable energy shares, the renewable energy quantity for added both to the numerator ‘gross final consumption of energy from and to the denominator ‘gross final consumption of energy’.

of the heating and cooling renewable energy shares the renewable energy shall be added both to the numerator ‘gross final consumption of energy sources for heating and cooling’ and to the denominator ‘gross final energy for heating and cooling’.

the development of more accurate methodologies and calculations encouraged that Member States do their own estimations for both SPF and national/regional approaches should be based on accurate assumptions, samples of sufficient size, resulting in a significantly improved estimate of compared to that obtained using the methodology set out in this Schedule. methodologies may be based on detailed calculation based on technical data among other factors, year of installation, quality of installation, compressor size, operation mode, distribution system, cascading of generators and the alternative methodologies and/or values are used, these shall be submitted together with a report describing the method and data used. The if necessary, translate the documents and publish them on its transparency

(Note 3) The quantity of cold source corresponds to the quantity of heat absorbed by ambient and the ground acting as heat sinks. Ambient air and ambient water correspond to “ambient ground corresponds to “geothermal energy” as defined in regulation 2. (Note 4) From a thermodynamical point of view, cooling supply corresponds to a portion a cooling system to ambient air, ambient water or to the ground, which function as a heat Ambient air and ambient water correspond to “ambient energy” and the heat sink or cold ground corresponds to “geothermal energy” as defined regulation 2. (Note 5) Commission Regulation (EU) 2016/2281 of 30 November 2016 implementing of the European Parliament and of the Council establishing a framework for the setting of requirements for energy-related products, with regard to ecodesign requirements for air cooling products, high temperature process chillers and fan coil units (OJ L 346, 20.12.2016, (Note 6) https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=uriserv:OJ.C_.2017.229.01.0001.01.ENG&toc=OJ:C:2017:229:TOC (Note 7) In case the real operating conditions of cooling generators lead to SPF values substantially planned in standard conditions because of different installation provisions, these systems the scope of the renewable cooling definition (e.g. a water cooled cooling generator using a cooling tower to release heat to ambient air). (Note 8) Commission Regulation (EU) No 206/2012 of 6 March 2012 implementing Directive the European Parliament and of the Council with regard to ecodesign requirements for air comfort fans (OJ L 72, 10.3.2012, p. 7). (Note 9) Directive (EU) 2018/2002 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 11 amending Directive 2012/27/EU on energy efficiency (OJ L 328, 21.12.2018, p. 210). (Note 10) ENER/C1/2018-493, Renewable cooling under the revised Renewable Energy 2021. (Note 11) SPF p is identical to η s,c defined in Regulation (EU) No 2016/2281. (Note 12) Commission Regulation (EU) No 813/2013 of 2 August 2013 implementing Directive of the European Parliament and of the Council with regard to ecodesign requirements for combination heaters (OJ L 239, 6.9.2013, p. 136). (Note 13) Part 1 of the study ENER/C1/2018-493 on ‘Cooling Technologies Overview and provides more detailed definitions and equations for these metrics in chapter 1.5 ‘Energy state-of-the-art cooling systems’. (Note 14) Commission Decision of 1 March 2013 establishing the guidelines for Member renewable energy from heat pumps from different heat pump technologies pursuant to Article 2009/28/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council (OJ L 62, 6.3.2013, p. 27). ENERGY CONTENT OF FUELS

Energy content by Energy content by weight volume

(lower calorific (lower calorific value, MJ/kg) value, MJ/l)

FROM BIOMASS AND/OR BIOMASS PROCESSING OPERATIONS

46 24

(oil produced from oil 37 34 pressing, extraction or procedures, crude or refined unmodified)

fatty acid methyl ester 37 33 produced from oil of acid ethyl ester (ethyl- 38 34 from oil of biomass purified to natural gas 50 —

(thermochemically treated 44 34 of biomass origin, to replacement of diesel

(thermochemically treated 45 30 of biomass origin, to replacement of petrol

(thermochemically treated 44 34 of biomass origin, to replacement of jet fuel

(thermochemically 46 24 hydrogen) of biomass origin, replacement of liquefied

(processed in a refinery 43 36 with fossil fuel) of pyrolysed biomass origin to replacement of diesel be used to replace petrol

Co-processed oil (processed in a refinery 43 simultaneously with fossil fuel) of biomass or pyrolysed biomass origin, to be used to replace jet fuel

Co-processed oil (processed in a refinery 46 simultaneously with fossil fuel) of biomass or pyrolysed biomass origin, to be used to replace liquefied petroleum gas

RENEWABLE FUELS THAT CAN BE PRODUCED FROM VARIOUS SOURCES, INCLUDING BIOMASS

Methanol from renewable sources 20

Ethanol from renewable sources 27

Propanol from renewable sources 31

Butanol from renewable sources 33

Fischer-Tropsch diesel (a synthetic 44 hydrocarbon or mixture of synthetic hydrocarbons to be used for replacement of diesel)

Fischer-Tropsch petrol (a synthetic 44 hydrocarbon or mixture of synthetic hydrocarbons produced from biomass, to be used for replacement of petrol)

Fischer-Tropsch jet fuel (a synthetic 44 hydrocarbon or mixture of synthetic hydrocarbons produced from biomass, to be used for replacement of jet fuel)

Fischer-Tropsch liquefied petroleum gas 46 (a synthetic hydrocarbon or mixture of synthetic hydrocarbons, to be used for replacement of liquefied petroleum gas

DME (dimethylether) 28

Hydrogen from renewable sources 120

ETBE (ethyl-tertio-butyl-ether produced 36 (of which 33 % 27 on the basis of ethanol) from renewable sources) (tertiary-amyl-ethyl-ether 38 (of which 29 % 29 (of which 29 % basis of ethanol) from renewable from renewable sources) sources)

(tertiary-amyl-methyl-ether 36 (of which 18 % 28 (of which 18 % basis of methanol) from renewable from renewable sources) sources)

(tertiary-hexyl-ethyl-ether 38 (of which 25 % 30 (of which 25 % basis of ethanol) from renewable from renewable sources) sources)

(tertiary-hexyl-methyl-ether 38 of which 14 % 30 (of which 14 % basis of methanol) from renewable from renewable sources) sources)

NON-RENEWABLE FUELS

43 32

43 36

43 34

non-renewable sources 120 — LIST OF FEEDSTOCKS

Part A.

Feedstocks for the production of biogas for transport and advanced biofuels:

Algae if cultivated on land in ponds or photobioreactors; (a)

S.L. 549.63. Biomass fraction of mixed municipal waste, but not separated household (b) recycling targets under paragraph (a) of item 12 of Schedule 5 of the Waste

Biowaste as defined in regulation (4) of the Waste Regulations from S.L. 549.63. (c) subject to separate collection as defined in regulation 4 of the aforesaid

(d) Biomass fraction of industrial waste not fit for use in the food or feed material from retail and wholesale and the agro-food and fish and aquaculture excluding feedstocks listed in Part B of this Schedule;

Straw; (e)

(f) Animal manure and sewage sludge;

(g) Palm oil mill effluent and empty palm fruit bunches;

Tall oil pitch; (h)

(i) Crude glycerine;

Bagasse; (j)

(k) Grape marcs and wine lees;

Nut shells; (l)

Husks; (m)

(n) Cobs cleaned of kernels of corn;

(o) Biomass fraction of wastes and residues from forestry and forest-based bark, branches, pre-commercial thinning, leaves, needles, tree tops, shavings, black liquor, brown liquor, fibre sludge, lignin and tall oil;

Other non-food cellulosic material; (p)

Other ligno-cellulosic material except saw logs and veneer logs; (q)

Fusel oils from alcoholic distillation; (r)

Raw methanol from kraft pulping stemming from the production of wood (s)

Intermediate crops, such as catch crops and cover crops that are grown (t) to a short vegetation period the production of food and feed crops is limited and provided their use does not trigger demand for additional land, and biofuel for the aviation sector;

production of biofuels and biogas for transport, the contribution of targets referred to in regulation 14(2)(a), shall be limited:

classified as categories 1 and 2 in accordance with Regulation (EC) No that are not fit for use in the food or feed chain, excluding substances that intentionally modified or contaminated in order to meet this definition;

wastewater and derivatives other than sewage sludge;

severely degraded land excluding food and feed crops and feedstocks listed Schedule, where not used for the production of biofuel for the aviation crops, such as catch crops and cover crops, and excluding feedstocks listed in Schedule, that are grown in areas where due to a short vegetation period the food and feed crops is limited to one harvest and provided their use does not for additional land and provided the soil organic matter content is where not used for the production of biofuel for the aviation sector. RULES FOR CALCULATING THE GREENHOUSE GAS IMPACTS OF

OTHER BIOLIQUIDS AND THEIR FOSSIL FUEL COMPARATORS

Part A.

TYPICAL AND DEFAULT VALUES FOR BIOFUELS IF PRODUCED WITH NO NET EMISSIONS FROM LAND-USE CHANGE

Biofuel production pathway Greenhouse gas emissions Greenhouse saving – typical value saving sugar beet ethanol (no biogas from slop, natural 67 % gas as process fuel in conventional boiler)

sugar beet ethanol (with biogas from slop, 77 % natural gas as process fuel in conventional boiler) sugar beet ethanol (no biogas from slop, natural 73 % gas as process fuel in CHP plant (*))

sugar beet ethanol (with biogas from slop, 79 % natural gas as process fuel in CHP plant (*))

sugar beet ethanol (no biogas from slop, lignite 58 % as process fuel in CHP plant (*))

sugar beet ethanol (with biogas from slop, 71 % lignite as process fuel in CHP plant (*))

corn (maize) ethanol (natural gas as process 48 % fuel in conventional boiler) corn (maize) ethanol, (natural gas as process 55 % fuel in CHP plant (*))

corn (maize) ethanol (lignite as process fuel in 40 % CHP plant (*))

corn (maize) ethanol (forest residues as process 69 % fuel in CHP plant (*))

other cereals excluding maize ethanol (natural 47 % gas as process fuel in conventional boiler)

other cereals excluding maize ethanol (natural 53 % gas as process fuel in CHP plant (*)) other cereals excluding maize ethanol (lignite 37 % as process fuel in CHP plant (*))

other cereals excluding maize ethanol (forest 67 % residues as process fuel in CHP plant (*)) sugar cane ethanol 70 %

the part from renewable sources of ethyl-tertio- Equal to that of the ethanol production butyl-ether (ETBE)

the part from renewable sources of tertiary- Equal to that of the ethanol production amyl-ethyl-ether (TAEE) rape seed biodiesel 52 % (process with methane 51 % 45 %

biodiesel 88 % 84 %

rendering biodiesel (**) 84 % 78 %

oil from rape seed 51 % 47 % oil from sunflower 58 % 54 %

oil from soybean 55 % 51 %

oil from palm oil (open 34 % 22 %

vegetable oil from palm oil 53 % 49 % capture at oil mill)

waste cooking oil 87 % 83 %

from animal fats from 83 % 77 %

from rape seed 59 % 57 %

from sunflower 65 % 64 %

from soybean 63 % 61 %

palm oil (open effluent 40 % 30 %

from palm oil (process with 59 % 57 % mill)

cooking oil 98 % 98 %

processes using CHP are valid only if all the process heat is supplied by CHP. biofuels produced from animal by-products classified as category 1 and 2 material in 1 Regulation (EC) No 1069/2009 of the European Parliament and of the Council ( ), for which hygenisation as part of the rendering are not considered.

1069/2009 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 21 October 2009 laying down animal by-products and derived products not intended for human consumption and

(EC) No 1774/2002 (Animal by-products Regulation) (OJ L 300, 14.11.2009, p. 1). MARKET OR WERE ON THE MARKET ONLY IN NEGLIGIBLE QUANTITIES IN WITH NO NET CARBON EMISSIONS FROM LAND-USE CHANGE

Biofuel production pathway Greenhouse gas emissions Greenhouse saving - typical value saving wheat straw ethanol 85 %

waste wood Fischer-Tropsch diesel in free- 83 % standing plant farmed wood Fischer-Tropsch diesel in free- 82 % standing plant waste wood Fischer-Tropsch petrol in free- 83 % standing plant farmed wood Fischer-Tropsch petrol in free- 82 % standing plant waste wood dimethylether (DME) in free- 84 % standing plant farmed wood dimethylether (DME) in free- 83 % standing plant waste wood methanol in free-standing plant 84 % farmed wood methanol in free-standing 83 % plant

Fischer-Tropsch diesel from black-liquor 89 % gasification integrated with pulp mill Fischer-Tropsch petrol from black-liquor 89 % gasification integrated with pulp mill dimethylether (DME) from black-liquor 89 % gasification integrated with pulp mill

Methanol from black-liquor gasification 89 % integrated with pulp mill the part from renewable sources of methyl- Equal to that of the methanol production tertio-butyl-ether (MTBE)

gas emissions from the production and use of biofuels shall be calculated as:

+ e + e + e – e – e – e , l p td u sca ccs ccr emissions from the use of the fuel;

emissions from the extraction or cultivation of raw materials;

annualised emissions from carbon stock changes caused by land-use change;

emissions from processing;

emissions from transport and distribution;

emissions from the fuel in use;

savings from soil carbon accumulation via improved agricultural management;

savings from CO capture and geological storage; and 2

savings from CO capture and replacement. 2

manufacture of machinery and equipment shall not be taken into account.

gas emissions from the production and use of bioliquids shall be calculated as for biofuels the extension necessary for including the energy conversion to electricity and/or heat and produced, as follows: For energy installations delivering only heat:

𝐸 𝐸𝐶 = ℎ η ℎ

For energy installations delivering only electricity:

𝐸 𝐸𝐶 = 𝑒𝑙 η 𝑒𝑙

gas emissions from the final energy commodity.

emissions of the bioliquid before end-conversion efficiency, defined as the annual electricity produced divided by the annual bioliquid input content defined as the annual useful heat output divided by the annual bioliquid input based on

For the electricity or mechanical energy coming from energy installations delivering useful heat together with electricity and/or mechanical energy:

(iv) For the useful heat coming from energy installations delivering electricity and/or mechanical energy:

𝐸 𝐶 . η ℎ ℎ 𝐸𝐶 = ( ℎ η 𝐶 . η + 𝐶 ℎ 𝑒𝑙 𝑒𝑙 ℎ

where:

EC = Total greenhouse gas emissions from the final energy commodity. h,el E = Total greenhouse gas emissions of the bioliquid before end-conversion.

η =The electrical efficiency, defined as the annual electricity produced divided by the annual el its energy content.

η =The heat efficiency, defined as the annual useful heat output divided by the annual h energy content.

C =Fraction of exergy in the electricity, and/or mechanical energy, set to 100 % (C = el el C = Carnot efficiency (fraction of exergy in the useful heat). h The Carnot efficiency, C , for useful heat at different temperatures is defined as: h 𝑇 − 𝑇 ℎ 0 𝐶 = ℎ 𝑇 ℎ

where T =Temperature, measured in absolute temperature (kelvin) of the useful heat at point of h T = Temperature of surroundings, set at 273.15 kelvin (equal to 0 °C) 0

If the excess heat is exported for heating of buildings, at a temperature below 150 °C

alternatively be defined as follows:

C = Carnot efficiency in heat at 150 °C (423.15 kelvin), which is: 0.3546 h

For the purposes of that calculation, the following definitions apply:

(a) ‘cogeneration’ means the simultaneous generation in one process of thermal energy mechanical energy;

(b) ‘useful heat’means heat generated to satisfy an economical justifiable demand for heat, purposes;

(c) ‘economically justifiable demand’ means the demand that does not exceed the needs which would otherwise be satisfied at market conditions.